Desbloqueo conceptual de la controversia sobre el determinismo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX
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Abstract
During the second half of the nineteenth century, physics go through a noiseless but deep review of its foundations. Despite of the importance for the upcoming developments, the historical and philosophical studies about that time are scarce in comparison to the first decades of the twentieth century. This paper rebuilds some aspects of physics of this time using two conceptual tools: The Controversy Spaces of Oscar Nudler and the Styles of Scientific Reasoning of Ian Hacking. The aim is showing the elements that led to the controversy about determinism during the second half of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth.
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Varela Machado, O. (2020). Desbloqueo conceptual de la controversia sobre el determinismo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 52(156), 87–114. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2020.1224
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References
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Beauchamp, T., 1987, “Ethical Theory and the Problem of Closure”, en Engelhardt and Caplan (eds.), Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York, NY.
Bishop, R.C., 2006, “Determinism and Indeterminism”, en D.M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 3, Thompson Gale, Farmington Hills, MI.
Boltzmann, L., 2003a [1896], “Reply to Zermelo’s Remarks on the Theory of Heat”, en The Kinetic Theory of Gases, trad. S.G. Brush, Imperial College Press, Londres, pp. 392–402. Publicado originalmente en Annalen der Physik, vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 773–784.
Boltzmann, L., 2003b [1877], “On the Relation of a General Mechanical Theorem to the Second Law of Thermodynamics”, trad. S.G. Brush, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, Imperial College Press, Londres, pp. 362–367. Publicado originalmente en Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, part. II, 75, pp. 67–73.
Brush, S.G., 2003, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, Imperial College Press, Londres.
Brush, S.G., 1983, Statistical Physics and the Atomic Theory of Matter, from Boyle and Newton to Landau and Onsager, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Brush, S.G., 1976, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Butterfield, J., 1998, “Determinism and Indeterminism”, en Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 3, Routledge, Londres, pp. 33–39.
Crombie, A.C., 1995, “Commitments and Styles of European Scientific Thinking”, History of Science, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 225–238.
Culverwell, E., 1894, “Dr. Watson’s Proof of Boltzmann’s Theorem on Permanence of Distributions”, Nature, vol. 50, no. 617.
De Moivre, A., 1738, The Doctrine of Chances: Or, a Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play (ed. en línea 2014) (Cambridge Library Collection – Mathematics), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Earman, J., 1986, A Primer on Determinism, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht.
Einstein, A., 1905, “Ueber die von der molekular-kinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhended Flussigkeiten suspenierten Teilchen”, Annalen der Physik, series 4, 17, pp. 549–560, en S.G. Brush, “A History of Random Processes. I. Brownian Movement from Brown to Perrin”, Archive for History of Exact Sciencies, vol. 5, no. 1, 1968, pp. 1–36.
Forman, P., 1984 [1971], Cultura en Weimar, causalidad y teoría cuántica: 1918–1927, trad. José Manuel Sanchez Ron, Alianza, Madrid. “Weimar Culture, Causality and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927”, publicado originalmente en Historical Studies in the Physical Science, vol. 3, pp. 1–115.
Gibbs, J.W., 1902, Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, Yale University Press, Cambridge.
Hacking, I., 1992a, “ ‘Style’ for Historians and Philosophers”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–20.
Hacking, I., 1992b, “Statistical Language, Statistical Truth, and Stadistical Reason: The Self-Authentication of a Style of Scientific Reasoning”, The Social Dimensions of Science, en E. McMullin (ed.), University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, pp. 130–157.
Hacking, I., 1990, The Taming of Chance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hacking, I., 1982, “Language, Truth and Reason”, en Rationality and Relativism, Hollis and Lukes (eds.), The MIT press, Cambridge, Mass.
Hacking, I., 1975, The Emergence of Probability (reimpresión 2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hertz, H., 1899, “Author’s Preface”, en The Principles of Mechanics Presented in a New Form, trad. D.E. Jones y J.T. Walley, MacMillan and Co., Nueva York, NY.
Hume, D., 1902 [1748], Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding, en L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hume, D., 1888 [1739], A Treatise of Human Nature, en L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), reimpresión 1967, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
James, W., 1897, The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, Dover Publications, New York. [Versión al castellano: La voluntad de creer y otros ensayos de filosofía popular, trad. Ramón Vilà Vernis, Marbot, Barcelona, 2009.]
Klein, M.J., 1973, “The Development of Boltzmann’s Statistical Ideas”, Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. X, pp. 53–106 Kragh, H., 2014, “A Sense of Crisis: Physics in the fin-de-siècle Era”, en M. Saler (ed.), The Fin-de-Siècle World, Routledge, Nueva York.
Kuhn, T.S., 1987 [1978], La teoría del cuerpo negro y la discontinuidad cuántica, 1894–1912, trad. Paredes Larrueca, Alianza, Madrid.
Laplace, P.S., 1996 [1814], Ensayo filosófico sobre las posibilidades, trad. Pilar Castrillo, Altaya, Madrid. Publicado originalmente como Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités, Courcier, París.
Lombardi, O., 2009, “El problema de la irreversibilidad, de Fourier a la teoría del caos”, Espacios controversiales, en O. Nudler (ed.), Miño y Dávila, Buenos Aires, pp. 129–161.
Lombardi, O., 2000, El problema del determinismo en la física, tesis doctoral, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.
Mazur, A., 1981, The Dynamics of Technical Controversy, Communications Press, Washington, DC.
McMullin, E., 1987, “Scientific Controversy and its Termination”, en Engelhardt and Caplan (eds.), Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Nudler, O., 2009, Espacios controversiales. Hacia un modelo de cambio filosófico y científico, Miño y Dávila, Buenos Aires.
Nudler, O., 2004, “Hacia un modelo de cambio conceptual: espacios controversiales
y refocalización”, Revista de Filosofía, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 7–19.
Nudler, O., 2002, “Campos controversiales y progreso en filosofía. Manuscrito”,
Revista Internacional de Filosofía, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 337–352.
Peirce, Ch.S., 2012a [1892], “La doctrina de la necesidad examinada”, revisado
en Obra filosófica reunida. Tomo I (1867–1893), en N. Houser y Ch. Kloesel (eds.), Fondo de Cultura Económica, Ciudad de México, pp. 344–356. “The Doctrine of Necessity Examined”, publicado originalmente en The Monist, vol. 2, no. 3, abril, pp. 321–337.
Peirce, Ch.S., 2012b [1891], “La arquitectura de las teorías”, revisado en Obra filosófica reunida. Tomo I (1867–1893), en N. Houser y Ch. Kloesel (eds.), Fondo de Cultura Económica, Ciudad de México, pp. 331–343. “The Architecture of Theories”, publicado originalmente en The Monist, vol. 1, no. 2, enero, pp. 161–176.
Stöltzner, M., 1999, “Vienna Indeterminism: Mach, Boltzmann, Exner”, Synthese, vol. 119, no. 1/2, pp. 85–111.
Beauchamp, T., 1987, “Ethical Theory and the Problem of Closure”, en Engelhardt and Caplan (eds.), Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York, NY.
Bishop, R.C., 2006, “Determinism and Indeterminism”, en D.M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 3, Thompson Gale, Farmington Hills, MI.
Boltzmann, L., 2003a [1896], “Reply to Zermelo’s Remarks on the Theory of Heat”, en The Kinetic Theory of Gases, trad. S.G. Brush, Imperial College Press, Londres, pp. 392–402. Publicado originalmente en Annalen der Physik, vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 773–784.
Boltzmann, L., 2003b [1877], “On the Relation of a General Mechanical Theorem to the Second Law of Thermodynamics”, trad. S.G. Brush, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, Imperial College Press, Londres, pp. 362–367. Publicado originalmente en Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, part. II, 75, pp. 67–73.
Brush, S.G., 2003, The Kinetic Theory of Gases, Imperial College Press, Londres.
Brush, S.G., 1983, Statistical Physics and the Atomic Theory of Matter, from Boyle and Newton to Landau and Onsager, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Brush, S.G., 1976, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Butterfield, J., 1998, “Determinism and Indeterminism”, en Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 3, Routledge, Londres, pp. 33–39.
Crombie, A.C., 1995, “Commitments and Styles of European Scientific Thinking”, History of Science, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 225–238.
Culverwell, E., 1894, “Dr. Watson’s Proof of Boltzmann’s Theorem on Permanence of Distributions”, Nature, vol. 50, no. 617.
De Moivre, A., 1738, The Doctrine of Chances: Or, a Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play (ed. en línea 2014) (Cambridge Library Collection – Mathematics), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Earman, J., 1986, A Primer on Determinism, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht.
Einstein, A., 1905, “Ueber die von der molekular-kinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhended Flussigkeiten suspenierten Teilchen”, Annalen der Physik, series 4, 17, pp. 549–560, en S.G. Brush, “A History of Random Processes. I. Brownian Movement from Brown to Perrin”, Archive for History of Exact Sciencies, vol. 5, no. 1, 1968, pp. 1–36.
Forman, P., 1984 [1971], Cultura en Weimar, causalidad y teoría cuántica: 1918–1927, trad. José Manuel Sanchez Ron, Alianza, Madrid. “Weimar Culture, Causality and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927”, publicado originalmente en Historical Studies in the Physical Science, vol. 3, pp. 1–115.
Gibbs, J.W., 1902, Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, Yale University Press, Cambridge.
Hacking, I., 1992a, “ ‘Style’ for Historians and Philosophers”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–20.
Hacking, I., 1992b, “Statistical Language, Statistical Truth, and Stadistical Reason: The Self-Authentication of a Style of Scientific Reasoning”, The Social Dimensions of Science, en E. McMullin (ed.), University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, pp. 130–157.
Hacking, I., 1990, The Taming of Chance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hacking, I., 1982, “Language, Truth and Reason”, en Rationality and Relativism, Hollis and Lukes (eds.), The MIT press, Cambridge, Mass.
Hacking, I., 1975, The Emergence of Probability (reimpresión 2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hertz, H., 1899, “Author’s Preface”, en The Principles of Mechanics Presented in a New Form, trad. D.E. Jones y J.T. Walley, MacMillan and Co., Nueva York, NY.
Hume, D., 1902 [1748], Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding, en L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hume, D., 1888 [1739], A Treatise of Human Nature, en L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.), reimpresión 1967, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
James, W., 1897, The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, Dover Publications, New York. [Versión al castellano: La voluntad de creer y otros ensayos de filosofía popular, trad. Ramón Vilà Vernis, Marbot, Barcelona, 2009.]
Klein, M.J., 1973, “The Development of Boltzmann’s Statistical Ideas”, Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. X, pp. 53–106 Kragh, H., 2014, “A Sense of Crisis: Physics in the fin-de-siècle Era”, en M. Saler (ed.), The Fin-de-Siècle World, Routledge, Nueva York.
Kuhn, T.S., 1987 [1978], La teoría del cuerpo negro y la discontinuidad cuántica, 1894–1912, trad. Paredes Larrueca, Alianza, Madrid.
Laplace, P.S., 1996 [1814], Ensayo filosófico sobre las posibilidades, trad. Pilar Castrillo, Altaya, Madrid. Publicado originalmente como Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités, Courcier, París.
Lombardi, O., 2009, “El problema de la irreversibilidad, de Fourier a la teoría del caos”, Espacios controversiales, en O. Nudler (ed.), Miño y Dávila, Buenos Aires, pp. 129–161.
Lombardi, O., 2000, El problema del determinismo en la física, tesis doctoral, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.
Mazur, A., 1981, The Dynamics of Technical Controversy, Communications Press, Washington, DC.
McMullin, E., 1987, “Scientific Controversy and its Termination”, en Engelhardt and Caplan (eds.), Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Nudler, O., 2009, Espacios controversiales. Hacia un modelo de cambio filosófico y científico, Miño y Dávila, Buenos Aires.
Nudler, O., 2004, “Hacia un modelo de cambio conceptual: espacios controversiales
y refocalización”, Revista de Filosofía, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 7–19.
Nudler, O., 2002, “Campos controversiales y progreso en filosofía. Manuscrito”,
Revista Internacional de Filosofía, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 337–352.
Peirce, Ch.S., 2012a [1892], “La doctrina de la necesidad examinada”, revisado
en Obra filosófica reunida. Tomo I (1867–1893), en N. Houser y Ch. Kloesel (eds.), Fondo de Cultura Económica, Ciudad de México, pp. 344–356. “The Doctrine of Necessity Examined”, publicado originalmente en The Monist, vol. 2, no. 3, abril, pp. 321–337.
Peirce, Ch.S., 2012b [1891], “La arquitectura de las teorías”, revisado en Obra filosófica reunida. Tomo I (1867–1893), en N. Houser y Ch. Kloesel (eds.), Fondo de Cultura Económica, Ciudad de México, pp. 331–343. “The Architecture of Theories”, publicado originalmente en The Monist, vol. 1, no. 2, enero, pp. 161–176.
Stöltzner, M., 1999, “Vienna Indeterminism: Mach, Boltzmann, Exner”, Synthese, vol. 119, no. 1/2, pp. 85–111.
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