Experimentos de soborno desde la perspectiva de su validación de constructo
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Abstract
The article develops a challenge to the construct validity of bribery experiments, consisting in the fact that social motivations do not merely supervene on the intrinsic characteristics of individuals, but rather depend on contextual factors, in this case normative, that give content to those motivations. The theoretical deficit presented by the bribery construct is evidenced in an incomplete theorization of such a normative dimension in the operationalization of the bribery construct, which translates into a lack of operations representing the normative dimension at the concrete level of the parameterization and empirical correlates.
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Senci, C. M. (2021). Experimentos de soborno desde la perspectiva de su validación de constructo. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 53(158), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2021.1271
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References
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Abbink, K. y D. Serra, 2012, “Anti-Corruption Policies: Lessons from the Lab”, en D. Serra y L. Wantchekon (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption: Volume 15, Emerald Publishing, Bingley, pp. 77–115. (https://doi.org/10.1108/s0193-2306(2012)0000015006)
Alekseev, A., G. Charness, y U. Gneezy, 2017, “Experimental Methods: When and Why Contextualinstructions Are Important”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol. 134, pp. 48–59. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.005)
Alexandrova, A. y D.M. Haybron, 2016, “Is Construct Validation Valid?”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1098–1109. (https://doi.org/10.1086/687941)
Anders, G. y M. Nuijten, 2017, “Corruption and the Secret of Law: An Introduction”, en Nuijten y Anders (eds.), Corruption and the Secret of Law: A Legal Anthropological Perspective, Ashgate, Hampshire, UK. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259208-1)
Armantier, O. y A. Boly, 2013, “Comparing Corruption in the Laboratory and in the Field in Burkina Faso and in Canada”, The Economic Journal, vol. 123, no. 573, pp. 1168–1187. (https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12019)
Banerjee, R., 2014, “On the Interpretation of Bribery in a Laboratory Corruption Game: Moral Frames and Social Norms”, Experimental Economics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 240–267. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-015-9436-1)
Banfield, E., 1958, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, The Free Press, Glencoe.
Barr, A. y D. Serra, 2009, “The Effects of Externalities and Framing on Bribery in a Petty Corruption Experiment”, Experimental Economics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 488–503. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-009-9225-9)
Bardsley, N., 2005, “Experimental Economics and the Artificiality of Alteration”, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 239–251. (https://doi.org/10.1080/13501780500086115)
Berg, J., J. Dickhaut y K. McCabe, 1995, “Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History”, Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 122–142. (https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1995.1027)
Bloor, D., 1997, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions, Routledge, Londres. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203048696)
Bobkova, N. y H. Egbert, 2012, “Corruption Investigated in the Lab: A Survey of the Experimental Literature”, International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance and Economic Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 337–349.
Bogdan, R., 2009, Predicative Minds, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7861.001.0001)
Bogdan, R., 2000, Minding Minds: Evolving a Reflexive Mind by Interpreting Others, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4637.001.0001)
Borsboom, D., 2006, Measuring the Mind, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490026)
Borsboom, D., A.O. Cramer, R. Kievit, A.Z. Scholten y S. Franic, 2009, “The End of Construct Validity”, en R.W. Lissitz (ed.), The Concept of Validity: Revisions, New Directions, and Applications, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp. 135–170.
Camaño-Alegre, M. y J. Camaño-Alegre, 2019, “From Ontological Traits to Validity Challenges in Social Science: The Cases of Economic Experiments and Research Questionnaires”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 101–127. (https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2019.1682773)
Camerer, C., 2003, Behavioral Game Theory. Experiments in Strategic Interaction, Princeton University Press, Nueva Jersey.
Cameron, L., A. Chaudhuri, N. Erkal y L. Gangadharan, 2009, “Propensities to Engage in and Punish Corrupt Behavior: Experimental Evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia and Singapore”, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 93, no. 7–8, pp. 843–851. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.03.004)
Capraro, V. y D. Rand, 2018, “Do the Right Thing: Experimental Evidence that Preferences for Moral Behavior, Rather than Equity or Efficiency Per Se, Drive Human Prosociality”, Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 99–111.
Clark, A., 1997, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1552.001.0001)
Cordeiro dos Santos, A., 2010, The Social Epistemology of Experimental Economics, Routledge, London. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874332)
Cronbach, L.J. y P.E. Meehl, 1955, “Construct Validity in Psychological Tests”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 281–302. (https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957)
Dennett, D., 1987, The Intentional Stance, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Engel, C. y D.G. Rand, 2014, “What Does ‘Clean’ Really Mean? The Implicit Framing of Decontextualized Experiments”, Economic Letters, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 386–389. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.020)
Gerring, J., 2012, Social Science Methodology. A Unified Framework, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139022224)
Gneezy, U. y A. Rustichini, 2000, “A Fine Is a Price”, The Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–17. (https://doi.org/10.1086/468061)
Graeff, P., 2004, “Why Should One Trust in Corruption? The Linkage between Corruption, Norms and Social Capital”, en J.G Lambsdorff, M. Taube y M. Schramm (eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, Routledge, Londres, pp. 40–58.
Greenwood, J.D., 1989, Explanation and Experiment in Social Psychological Science, Springer, Nueva York. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8801-2)
Guala, F., 2005, The Methodology of Experimental Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614651)
Heukelom, F., 2011, “How Validity Travelled to Economic Experimenting”, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 13–28. (https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178x.2011.556435)
Kummerfeld, E. y D. Danks, 2014, “Model Change and Reliability in Scientific Inference”, Synthese, vol. 191, no. 12, pp. 2673–2693. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0408-3)
Lambsdorff, J.G., 2012, “Behavioral and Experimental Economics as a Guidance to Anticorruption”, en D. Serra y L. Wantchekon (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption: Volume 15, Emerald Publishing, Bingley, pp. 279–300. (https://doi.org/10.1108/s0193-2306(2012)0000015012)
McClamrock, R., 1995, Existential Cognition: Computational Minds in the World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Messick, S., 1995, “Validity of Psychological Assessment: Validation of Inferences from Persons’ Responses and Performances as Scientific Inquiry into Score Meaning”, ETS Research Report Series, 1994, pp. i–28. (https://doi.org/10.1002/j.23338504.1994.tb01618.x)
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., 2006, “Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 86–99. (https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2006.0050)
Orne, M.T., 1962, “On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: with Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications”, Am. Psych, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 776–783.
Reiss, J., 2019, “Against External Validity”, Synthese, vol. 196, no. 8, pp. 3103–3121. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1796-6)
Ross, D., 2016, Philosophy of Economics, Palgrave, Nueva York. (https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318756)
Ross, D., 2007, Economic Theory and Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
(https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2600.001.0001)
Ross, D., 2004, “Metalinguistic Signalling for Coordination amongst Social Agents”, Language Sciences, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 621–642. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2004.09.008)
Rothstein, B., 2013, “Corruption and Social Trust: Why the Fish Rots from the Head Down”, Social Research, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1009–1032.
Rothstein, B., 2011, The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust and Inequality in a Comparative Perspective, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226729589.001.0001)
Rothstein, B. y E. Uslaner, 2005, “All for All. Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust”, World Politics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 41–72. (https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022)
Rowlands, M., 2003, Externalism: Putting Mind and World Back Together Again, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal.
Senci, C.M., 2020a, “Castigo y normas sociales. Acerca de la validez ecológica del castigo en la economía experimental, parte II”, Cinta de Moebio. Revista de Epistemología de Ciencias Sociales, no. 67, pp. 38–47. (http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-54x2020000100038)
Senci, C.M., 2020b, “Challenging the Construct Validity of Bribery in Experimental Economics”, manuscrito inédito.
Senci, C.M., 2019, “Castigo y normas sociales. Acerca de la validez ecológica del castigo en la economía experimental, parte I”, Cinta de Moebio. Revista de Epistemología de Ciencias Sociales, no. 66, pp. 321–332.
(https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-554x2019000300321)
Senci, C.M., H. Hasrun, R. Moro y E. Freidin, 2019, “The Influence of Prescriptive Norms and Negative Externalities on Bribery Decisions in the Lab”, Rationality and Society, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 287–312. (https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119853893)
Shadish, W.R., T.D. Cook y D.T. Campbell, 2002, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Smith, V., 2008, Rationality in Economics. Constructivist and Ecological Forms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511754364)
Smith, V., 2004, “Trust and Corruption”, en J.G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, y Schramm (eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, Routledge, Londres, pp. 76–92. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203413920)
Uslaner, E.M., 2002, The Moral Foundation of Trust, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York.
Warren, M., 2006, “Political Corruption as Duplicitous Exclusion”, Political Science & Politics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 803–807. (https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096506060975)
Wittgenstein, L., 1953, Investigaciones filosóficas, Crítica Editorial, Barcelona, España.
Abbink, K. y H. Hennig-Schmidt, 2006, “Neutral Versus Loaded Instructions in a Bribery Experiment”, Experimental Economics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 103–121. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-5385-z)
Abbink, K. y D. Serra, 2012, “Anti-Corruption Policies: Lessons from the Lab”, en D. Serra y L. Wantchekon (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption: Volume 15, Emerald Publishing, Bingley, pp. 77–115. (https://doi.org/10.1108/s0193-2306(2012)0000015006)
Alekseev, A., G. Charness, y U. Gneezy, 2017, “Experimental Methods: When and Why Contextualinstructions Are Important”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol. 134, pp. 48–59. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.12.005)
Alexandrova, A. y D.M. Haybron, 2016, “Is Construct Validation Valid?”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1098–1109. (https://doi.org/10.1086/687941)
Anders, G. y M. Nuijten, 2017, “Corruption and the Secret of Law: An Introduction”, en Nuijten y Anders (eds.), Corruption and the Secret of Law: A Legal Anthropological Perspective, Ashgate, Hampshire, UK. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315259208-1)
Armantier, O. y A. Boly, 2013, “Comparing Corruption in the Laboratory and in the Field in Burkina Faso and in Canada”, The Economic Journal, vol. 123, no. 573, pp. 1168–1187. (https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12019)
Banerjee, R., 2014, “On the Interpretation of Bribery in a Laboratory Corruption Game: Moral Frames and Social Norms”, Experimental Economics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 240–267. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-015-9436-1)
Banfield, E., 1958, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, The Free Press, Glencoe.
Barr, A. y D. Serra, 2009, “The Effects of Externalities and Framing on Bribery in a Petty Corruption Experiment”, Experimental Economics, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 488–503. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-009-9225-9)
Bardsley, N., 2005, “Experimental Economics and the Artificiality of Alteration”, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 239–251. (https://doi.org/10.1080/13501780500086115)
Berg, J., J. Dickhaut y K. McCabe, 1995, “Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History”, Games and Economic Behavior, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 122–142. (https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1995.1027)
Bloor, D., 1997, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions, Routledge, Londres. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203048696)
Bobkova, N. y H. Egbert, 2012, “Corruption Investigated in the Lab: A Survey of the Experimental Literature”, International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance and Economic Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 337–349.
Bogdan, R., 2009, Predicative Minds, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7861.001.0001)
Bogdan, R., 2000, Minding Minds: Evolving a Reflexive Mind by Interpreting Others, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4637.001.0001)
Borsboom, D., 2006, Measuring the Mind, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511490026)
Borsboom, D., A.O. Cramer, R. Kievit, A.Z. Scholten y S. Franic, 2009, “The End of Construct Validity”, en R.W. Lissitz (ed.), The Concept of Validity: Revisions, New Directions, and Applications, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp. 135–170.
Camaño-Alegre, M. y J. Camaño-Alegre, 2019, “From Ontological Traits to Validity Challenges in Social Science: The Cases of Economic Experiments and Research Questionnaires”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 101–127. (https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2019.1682773)
Camerer, C., 2003, Behavioral Game Theory. Experiments in Strategic Interaction, Princeton University Press, Nueva Jersey.
Cameron, L., A. Chaudhuri, N. Erkal y L. Gangadharan, 2009, “Propensities to Engage in and Punish Corrupt Behavior: Experimental Evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia and Singapore”, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 93, no. 7–8, pp. 843–851. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.03.004)
Capraro, V. y D. Rand, 2018, “Do the Right Thing: Experimental Evidence that Preferences for Moral Behavior, Rather than Equity or Efficiency Per Se, Drive Human Prosociality”, Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 99–111.
Clark, A., 1997, Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again, MIT Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1552.001.0001)
Cordeiro dos Santos, A., 2010, The Social Epistemology of Experimental Economics, Routledge, London. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874332)
Cronbach, L.J. y P.E. Meehl, 1955, “Construct Validity in Psychological Tests”, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 281–302. (https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957)
Dennett, D., 1987, The Intentional Stance, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Engel, C. y D.G. Rand, 2014, “What Does ‘Clean’ Really Mean? The Implicit Framing of Decontextualized Experiments”, Economic Letters, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 386–389. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.020)
Gerring, J., 2012, Social Science Methodology. A Unified Framework, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139022224)
Gneezy, U. y A. Rustichini, 2000, “A Fine Is a Price”, The Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 1–17. (https://doi.org/10.1086/468061)
Graeff, P., 2004, “Why Should One Trust in Corruption? The Linkage between Corruption, Norms and Social Capital”, en J.G Lambsdorff, M. Taube y M. Schramm (eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, Routledge, Londres, pp. 40–58.
Greenwood, J.D., 1989, Explanation and Experiment in Social Psychological Science, Springer, Nueva York. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8801-2)
Guala, F., 2005, The Methodology of Experimental Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614651)
Heukelom, F., 2011, “How Validity Travelled to Economic Experimenting”, Journal of Economic Methodology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 13–28. (https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178x.2011.556435)
Kummerfeld, E. y D. Danks, 2014, “Model Change and Reliability in Scientific Inference”, Synthese, vol. 191, no. 12, pp. 2673–2693. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0408-3)
Lambsdorff, J.G., 2012, “Behavioral and Experimental Economics as a Guidance to Anticorruption”, en D. Serra y L. Wantchekon (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption: Volume 15, Emerald Publishing, Bingley, pp. 279–300. (https://doi.org/10.1108/s0193-2306(2012)0000015012)
McClamrock, R., 1995, Existential Cognition: Computational Minds in the World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Messick, S., 1995, “Validity of Psychological Assessment: Validation of Inferences from Persons’ Responses and Performances as Scientific Inquiry into Score Meaning”, ETS Research Report Series, 1994, pp. i–28. (https://doi.org/10.1002/j.23338504.1994.tb01618.x)
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., 2006, “Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 86–99. (https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2006.0050)
Orne, M.T., 1962, “On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: with Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications”, Am. Psych, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 776–783.
Reiss, J., 2019, “Against External Validity”, Synthese, vol. 196, no. 8, pp. 3103–3121. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1796-6)
Ross, D., 2016, Philosophy of Economics, Palgrave, Nueva York. (https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318756)
Ross, D., 2007, Economic Theory and Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
(https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2600.001.0001)
Ross, D., 2004, “Metalinguistic Signalling for Coordination amongst Social Agents”, Language Sciences, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 621–642. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2004.09.008)
Rothstein, B., 2013, “Corruption and Social Trust: Why the Fish Rots from the Head Down”, Social Research, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 1009–1032.
Rothstein, B., 2011, The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust and Inequality in a Comparative Perspective, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226729589.001.0001)
Rothstein, B. y E. Uslaner, 2005, “All for All. Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust”, World Politics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 41–72. (https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022)
Rowlands, M., 2003, Externalism: Putting Mind and World Back Together Again, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal.
Senci, C.M., 2020a, “Castigo y normas sociales. Acerca de la validez ecológica del castigo en la economía experimental, parte II”, Cinta de Moebio. Revista de Epistemología de Ciencias Sociales, no. 67, pp. 38–47. (http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-54x2020000100038)
Senci, C.M., 2020b, “Challenging the Construct Validity of Bribery in Experimental Economics”, manuscrito inédito.
Senci, C.M., 2019, “Castigo y normas sociales. Acerca de la validez ecológica del castigo en la economía experimental, parte I”, Cinta de Moebio. Revista de Epistemología de Ciencias Sociales, no. 66, pp. 321–332.
(https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-554x2019000300321)
Senci, C.M., H. Hasrun, R. Moro y E. Freidin, 2019, “The Influence of Prescriptive Norms and Negative Externalities on Bribery Decisions in the Lab”, Rationality and Society, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 287–312. (https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119853893)
Shadish, W.R., T.D. Cook y D.T. Campbell, 2002, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Smith, V., 2008, Rationality in Economics. Constructivist and Ecological Forms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511754364)
Smith, V., 2004, “Trust and Corruption”, en J.G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, y Schramm (eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption, Routledge, Londres, pp. 76–92. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203413920)
Uslaner, E.M., 2002, The Moral Foundation of Trust, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York.
Warren, M., 2006, “Political Corruption as Duplicitous Exclusion”, Political Science & Politics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 803–807. (https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096506060975)
Wittgenstein, L., 1953, Investigaciones filosóficas, Crítica Editorial, Barcelona, España.
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