Affordances como mutualismo organismo-entorno: reconsiderando la propuesta ecológica original de Gibson
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Resumen
En el campo de la psicología ecológica, la noción de affordance refiere a la percepción de oportunidades para la acción en los objetos del entorno. Problemáticamente, la falta de unidad conceptual parece dominar la caracterización del fenómeno haciendo que su significado varíe drásticamente dependiendo del autor que hace uso de ella. Este artículo ofrece una exégesis sistemática al trabajo original de J.J. Gibson enfocándose en la pregunta sobre qué (a) son las affordances y (b) cuáles son sus componentes fundamentales (organismo, entorno y mutualismo). Finalmente, se propone una clasificación que permitirá categorizar diversas alternativas contemporáneas del concepto según la forma en la cual entienden la relación entre tales componentes.
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López-Silva, P., Zambra-Silva, F., & Chávez Abello, J. (2022). Affordances como mutualismo organismo-entorno: reconsiderando la propuesta ecológica original de Gibson. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 54(160), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2022.1309
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Chemero, A., 2010, “An Outline of a Theory of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 181-195.
Chemero, A., 2009, Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Condia, R., M. Arbib, C. Ellard, B. Chamberlain y K. Rooney, 2020, Meaning in Architecture: Affordances, Atmospheres, and Mood, New Prairie Press, Kansas.
Dreyfus, H., 2002, “Intelligence without Representation — Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation the Relevance of Phenomenology to Scientific Explanation”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 367–383. (https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021351606209)
Dokumaci, A., 2020, “People as Affordances”, Current Anthropology, vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 98–108. (https://doi.org/10.1086/705783)
Gibson, J.J., 2015 [1986], The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception, Psychology Press, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 2002, “A Theory of Direct Visual Perception”, in A. Noë y E. Thompson (comps.), Vision and Mind, Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception, The MIT Press, Londres.
Gibson, J.J., 1979, “The Theory of Affordances”, in J. Gieseking, W. Mangold, C. Katz, S. Low, y S. Saegert (comps.), The People, Place and Space Reader, Editorial Routledge, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 1966, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Gibson, J.J., 1960, “The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology”, American Psychologist, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 694–703.
Heras-Escribano, M., 2020, “The Evolutionary Role of Affordances: Ecological Psychology, Niche Construction, and Natural Selection”, Biology and Philosophy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1–27. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09747-1)
Heras-Escribano, M., 2019, The Philosophy of Affordances, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Heras-Escribano, M. y M. de Pinedo, 2018, “Affordances and Landscapes: Overcoming the Nature–Culture Dichotomy through Niche Construction Theory”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, no. 2294, pp. 1–15. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02294)
Jones, K., 2010, “What Is an Affordance?”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 107–114. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_1)
López-Silva, P., 2020, “Sujeto y acción situada: mapeando el concepto de Affordance”, Avances en psicología latinoamericana, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1–15.
(https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.7475)
Maier, J., G. Fadel y D. Battisto, 2009, “An Affordance-Based Approach to Architectural Theory, Design, and Practice”, Design Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 393–414. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2009.01.002)
McGrenere, J. and W. Ho, 2000, “Affordances: Clarifying and Evolving the Concept”, Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 179–186. (https://doi.org/10.20380/GI2000.24)
Michaels, C., 2003, “Affordances: Four Points of Debate”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 135–148. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_3)
Michaels, C. y Z. Palatinus, 2014, “A Ten Commandments for Ecological Psychology”, in L. Shapiro (comp.), The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition, Routledge, Londres.
Prinz, J., 2012, The Conscious Mind, OUP, Oxford.
Read, C., y A. Szokolszky, 2020, “Ecological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1270, pp. 1–19. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01270)
Reed, E., 1996, Encountering the World: Toward an Ecological, University Press, Oxford.
Rietveld, E. y J. Kiverstein, 2014, “A Rich Landscape of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 325–352. (https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.958035)
Roberts, S., D. Koditschek y L. Miracchi, 2020, “Examples of Gibsonian Affordances in Legged Robotics Research Using an Empirical, Generative Framework”, Frontiers in Neurorobotics, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–9. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2020.00012)
Siegel, S., 2014, “Affordances and the Contents of Perception”, in B. Brogaard (comp.), Does Perception Have Content?, University Press, Oxford.
Scarantino, A., 2003, “Affordances Explained”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 949–961. (https://doi.org/10.1086/377380)
Stoffregen, T., 2010, “Affordances as Properties of the Animal-Environment System”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115–134. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_2)
Stoffregen, T., 2000, “Affordances and Events”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–29. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1201_1)
Stoffregen, T., K. Gorday, Y. Sheng, y S. Flynn, 1999, “Perceiving Affordances for Another Person’s Actions”, Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 118–119. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.120)
Turvey, M.T., 1992, “Affordances and Prospective Control: An Outline of the Ontology”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 173–187. (https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3)
Withagen, R., H.J. De Poel, D. Araújo, y G.J. Pepping, 2012, “Affordances Can Invite Behavior: Reconsidering the Relationship between Affordances and Agency”, New Ideas in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 250–258. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.12.003)
Chemero, A., 2009, Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Condia, R., M. Arbib, C. Ellard, B. Chamberlain y K. Rooney, 2020, Meaning in Architecture: Affordances, Atmospheres, and Mood, New Prairie Press, Kansas.
Dreyfus, H., 2002, “Intelligence without Representation — Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation the Relevance of Phenomenology to Scientific Explanation”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 367–383. (https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021351606209)
Dokumaci, A., 2020, “People as Affordances”, Current Anthropology, vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 98–108. (https://doi.org/10.1086/705783)
Gibson, J.J., 2015 [1986], The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception, Psychology Press, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 2002, “A Theory of Direct Visual Perception”, in A. Noë y E. Thompson (comps.), Vision and Mind, Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception, The MIT Press, Londres.
Gibson, J.J., 1979, “The Theory of Affordances”, in J. Gieseking, W. Mangold, C. Katz, S. Low, y S. Saegert (comps.), The People, Place and Space Reader, Editorial Routledge, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 1966, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Gibson, J.J., 1960, “The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology”, American Psychologist, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 694–703.
Heras-Escribano, M., 2020, “The Evolutionary Role of Affordances: Ecological Psychology, Niche Construction, and Natural Selection”, Biology and Philosophy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1–27. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09747-1)
Heras-Escribano, M., 2019, The Philosophy of Affordances, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Heras-Escribano, M. y M. de Pinedo, 2018, “Affordances and Landscapes: Overcoming the Nature–Culture Dichotomy through Niche Construction Theory”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, no. 2294, pp. 1–15. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02294)
Jones, K., 2010, “What Is an Affordance?”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 107–114. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_1)
López-Silva, P., 2020, “Sujeto y acción situada: mapeando el concepto de Affordance”, Avances en psicología latinoamericana, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1–15.
(https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.7475)
Maier, J., G. Fadel y D. Battisto, 2009, “An Affordance-Based Approach to Architectural Theory, Design, and Practice”, Design Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 393–414. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2009.01.002)
McGrenere, J. and W. Ho, 2000, “Affordances: Clarifying and Evolving the Concept”, Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 179–186. (https://doi.org/10.20380/GI2000.24)
Michaels, C., 2003, “Affordances: Four Points of Debate”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 135–148. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_3)
Michaels, C. y Z. Palatinus, 2014, “A Ten Commandments for Ecological Psychology”, in L. Shapiro (comp.), The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition, Routledge, Londres.
Prinz, J., 2012, The Conscious Mind, OUP, Oxford.
Read, C., y A. Szokolszky, 2020, “Ecological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1270, pp. 1–19. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01270)
Reed, E., 1996, Encountering the World: Toward an Ecological, University Press, Oxford.
Rietveld, E. y J. Kiverstein, 2014, “A Rich Landscape of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 325–352. (https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.958035)
Roberts, S., D. Koditschek y L. Miracchi, 2020, “Examples of Gibsonian Affordances in Legged Robotics Research Using an Empirical, Generative Framework”, Frontiers in Neurorobotics, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–9. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2020.00012)
Siegel, S., 2014, “Affordances and the Contents of Perception”, in B. Brogaard (comp.), Does Perception Have Content?, University Press, Oxford.
Scarantino, A., 2003, “Affordances Explained”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 949–961. (https://doi.org/10.1086/377380)
Stoffregen, T., 2010, “Affordances as Properties of the Animal-Environment System”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115–134. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_2)
Stoffregen, T., 2000, “Affordances and Events”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–29. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1201_1)
Stoffregen, T., K. Gorday, Y. Sheng, y S. Flynn, 1999, “Perceiving Affordances for Another Person’s Actions”, Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 118–119. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.120)
Turvey, M.T., 1992, “Affordances and Prospective Control: An Outline of the Ontology”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 173–187. (https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3)
Withagen, R., H.J. De Poel, D. Araújo, y G.J. Pepping, 2012, “Affordances Can Invite Behavior: Reconsidering the Relationship between Affordances and Agency”, New Ideas in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 250–258. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.12.003)
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