Affordances as an Organism-Environment Mutualism: Reconsidering Gibson’s Original Ecological Proposal
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Abstract
In ecological psychology, the concept of affordance refers to the perception of opportunities for action in the surrounding objects. Problematically, the lack of conceptual unity pervades the characterization of the phenomenon, leading to important differences between the definition that different authors use of the concept. This paper offers a systematic exegesis of the original work of J.J. Gibson focused on the question about (a) what affordances are, and (b) what are their main components. Finally, it is offered a general classification that might guide the categorization of current uses of the term is proposed depending on the way in which different approaches conceptualize the relationship between these main components.
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López-Silva, P., Zambra-Silva, F., & Chávez Abello, J. (2022). Affordances as an Organism-Environment Mutualism: Reconsidering Gibson’s Original Ecological Proposal. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 54(160), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2022.1309
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References
Chemero, A., 2010, “An Outline of a Theory of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 181-195.
Chemero, A., 2009, Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Condia, R., M. Arbib, C. Ellard, B. Chamberlain y K. Rooney, 2020, Meaning in Architecture: Affordances, Atmospheres, and Mood, New Prairie Press, Kansas.
Dreyfus, H., 2002, “Intelligence without Representation — Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation the Relevance of Phenomenology to Scientific Explanation”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 367–383. (https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021351606209)
Dokumaci, A., 2020, “People as Affordances”, Current Anthropology, vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 98–108. (https://doi.org/10.1086/705783)
Gibson, J.J., 2015 [1986], The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception, Psychology Press, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 2002, “A Theory of Direct Visual Perception”, in A. Noë y E. Thompson (comps.), Vision and Mind, Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception, The MIT Press, Londres.
Gibson, J.J., 1979, “The Theory of Affordances”, in J. Gieseking, W. Mangold, C. Katz, S. Low, y S. Saegert (comps.), The People, Place and Space Reader, Editorial Routledge, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 1966, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Gibson, J.J., 1960, “The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology”, American Psychologist, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 694–703.
Heras-Escribano, M., 2020, “The Evolutionary Role of Affordances: Ecological Psychology, Niche Construction, and Natural Selection”, Biology and Philosophy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1–27. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09747-1)
Heras-Escribano, M., 2019, The Philosophy of Affordances, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Heras-Escribano, M. y M. de Pinedo, 2018, “Affordances and Landscapes: Overcoming the Nature–Culture Dichotomy through Niche Construction Theory”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, no. 2294, pp. 1–15. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02294)
Jones, K., 2010, “What Is an Affordance?”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 107–114. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_1)
López-Silva, P., 2020, “Sujeto y acción situada: mapeando el concepto de Affordance”, Avances en psicología latinoamericana, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1–15.
(https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.7475)
Maier, J., G. Fadel y D. Battisto, 2009, “An Affordance-Based Approach to Architectural Theory, Design, and Practice”, Design Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 393–414. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2009.01.002)
McGrenere, J. and W. Ho, 2000, “Affordances: Clarifying and Evolving the Concept”, Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 179–186. (https://doi.org/10.20380/GI2000.24)
Michaels, C., 2003, “Affordances: Four Points of Debate”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 135–148. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_3)
Michaels, C. y Z. Palatinus, 2014, “A Ten Commandments for Ecological Psychology”, in L. Shapiro (comp.), The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition, Routledge, Londres.
Prinz, J., 2012, The Conscious Mind, OUP, Oxford.
Read, C., y A. Szokolszky, 2020, “Ecological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1270, pp. 1–19. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01270)
Reed, E., 1996, Encountering the World: Toward an Ecological, University Press, Oxford.
Rietveld, E. y J. Kiverstein, 2014, “A Rich Landscape of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 325–352. (https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.958035)
Roberts, S., D. Koditschek y L. Miracchi, 2020, “Examples of Gibsonian Affordances in Legged Robotics Research Using an Empirical, Generative Framework”, Frontiers in Neurorobotics, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–9. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2020.00012)
Siegel, S., 2014, “Affordances and the Contents of Perception”, in B. Brogaard (comp.), Does Perception Have Content?, University Press, Oxford.
Scarantino, A., 2003, “Affordances Explained”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 949–961. (https://doi.org/10.1086/377380)
Stoffregen, T., 2010, “Affordances as Properties of the Animal-Environment System”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115–134. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_2)
Stoffregen, T., 2000, “Affordances and Events”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–29. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1201_1)
Stoffregen, T., K. Gorday, Y. Sheng, y S. Flynn, 1999, “Perceiving Affordances for Another Person’s Actions”, Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 118–119. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.120)
Turvey, M.T., 1992, “Affordances and Prospective Control: An Outline of the Ontology”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 173–187. (https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3)
Withagen, R., H.J. De Poel, D. Araújo, y G.J. Pepping, 2012, “Affordances Can Invite Behavior: Reconsidering the Relationship between Affordances and Agency”, New Ideas in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 250–258. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.12.003)
Chemero, A., 2009, Radical Embodied Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Condia, R., M. Arbib, C. Ellard, B. Chamberlain y K. Rooney, 2020, Meaning in Architecture: Affordances, Atmospheres, and Mood, New Prairie Press, Kansas.
Dreyfus, H., 2002, “Intelligence without Representation — Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation the Relevance of Phenomenology to Scientific Explanation”, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 367–383. (https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021351606209)
Dokumaci, A., 2020, “People as Affordances”, Current Anthropology, vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 98–108. (https://doi.org/10.1086/705783)
Gibson, J.J., 2015 [1986], The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception, Psychology Press, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 2002, “A Theory of Direct Visual Perception”, in A. Noë y E. Thompson (comps.), Vision and Mind, Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception, The MIT Press, Londres.
Gibson, J.J., 1979, “The Theory of Affordances”, in J. Gieseking, W. Mangold, C. Katz, S. Low, y S. Saegert (comps.), The People, Place and Space Reader, Editorial Routledge, Nueva York.
Gibson, J.J., 1966, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Gibson, J.J., 1960, “The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology”, American Psychologist, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 694–703.
Heras-Escribano, M., 2020, “The Evolutionary Role of Affordances: Ecological Psychology, Niche Construction, and Natural Selection”, Biology and Philosophy, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1–27. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09747-1)
Heras-Escribano, M., 2019, The Philosophy of Affordances, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Heras-Escribano, M. y M. de Pinedo, 2018, “Affordances and Landscapes: Overcoming the Nature–Culture Dichotomy through Niche Construction Theory”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, no. 2294, pp. 1–15. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02294)
Jones, K., 2010, “What Is an Affordance?”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 107–114. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_1)
López-Silva, P., 2020, “Sujeto y acción situada: mapeando el concepto de Affordance”, Avances en psicología latinoamericana, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1–15.
(https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.7475)
Maier, J., G. Fadel y D. Battisto, 2009, “An Affordance-Based Approach to Architectural Theory, Design, and Practice”, Design Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 393–414. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2009.01.002)
McGrenere, J. and W. Ho, 2000, “Affordances: Clarifying and Evolving the Concept”, Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 179–186. (https://doi.org/10.20380/GI2000.24)
Michaels, C., 2003, “Affordances: Four Points of Debate”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 135–148. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_3)
Michaels, C. y Z. Palatinus, 2014, “A Ten Commandments for Ecological Psychology”, in L. Shapiro (comp.), The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition, Routledge, Londres.
Prinz, J., 2012, The Conscious Mind, OUP, Oxford.
Read, C., y A. Szokolszky, 2020, “Ecological Psychology and Enactivism: Perceptually-Guided Action vs. Sensation-Based Enaction”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1270, pp. 1–19. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01270)
Reed, E., 1996, Encountering the World: Toward an Ecological, University Press, Oxford.
Rietveld, E. y J. Kiverstein, 2014, “A Rich Landscape of Affordances”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 325–352. (https://doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.958035)
Roberts, S., D. Koditschek y L. Miracchi, 2020, “Examples of Gibsonian Affordances in Legged Robotics Research Using an Empirical, Generative Framework”, Frontiers in Neurorobotics, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1–9. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2020.00012)
Siegel, S., 2014, “Affordances and the Contents of Perception”, in B. Brogaard (comp.), Does Perception Have Content?, University Press, Oxford.
Scarantino, A., 2003, “Affordances Explained”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 949–961. (https://doi.org/10.1086/377380)
Stoffregen, T., 2010, “Affordances as Properties of the Animal-Environment System”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115–134. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1502_2)
Stoffregen, T., 2000, “Affordances and Events”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–29. (https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326969ECO1201_1)
Stoffregen, T., K. Gorday, Y. Sheng, y S. Flynn, 1999, “Perceiving Affordances for Another Person’s Actions”, Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 118–119. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.120)
Turvey, M.T., 1992, “Affordances and Prospective Control: An Outline of the Ontology”, Ecological Psychology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 173–187. (https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3)
Withagen, R., H.J. De Poel, D. Araújo, y G.J. Pepping, 2012, “Affordances Can Invite Behavior: Reconsidering the Relationship between Affordances and Agency”, New Ideas in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 250–258. (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.12.003)
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