Primitive Beables Are Not Local Ontology: On the Relation between Primitive Ontology and Local Beables
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Abstract
When discussing quantum ontology, the debate has recently focused on comparing and contrasting wavefunction realism and its rivals. Among them one finds the primitive ontology approach, which is often conflated with the local beables program. In this paper I wish to clarify what I take to be the distinction between the notion of primitive ontology and the one of local beable. I argue that the primitive ontology is the local beable which allows for a dynamical, constructive explanation which preserves symmetries.
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Allori, V. (2021). Primitive Beables Are Not Local Ontology: On the Relation between Primitive Ontology and Local Beables. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 53(159), 15–43. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2021.1292
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References
Albert, D.Z., 2015, After Physics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Albert, D.Z., 1996, “Elementary Quantum Metaphysics”, in J.T. Cushing, A. Fine, S. Goldstein (eds.), Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 277–284.
Albert, D.Z. and A. Ney, 2013, The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York.
Allori, V., manuscript a, “Modified Schrödinger Dynamics and the Incompatibility of Quantum Theory with Scientific Realism”.
Allori, V., manuscript b, “Wave-functionalism”.
Allori, V., 2020a, “Spontaneous Localization Theories with a Particle Ontology”, in V. Allori, A. Bassi, D. Dürr and N. Zanghì (eds.), Do Wave Functions Jump? Perspectives on the Work of GianCarlo Ghirardi, Springer, Netherlands.
Allori, V., 2020b, “Why Scientific Realists Should Reject the Second Dogma of Quantum Mechanics”, in M. Hemmo and O. Shenker (eds.), Quantum, Probability, Logic: the Work and Influence of Itamar Pitowsky, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 19–48.
Allori, V., 2019a, “Quantum Mechanics, Time and Ontology”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 66, pp. 145–154.
Allori, V., 2019b, “Scientific Realism without the Wave-Function”, in J. Saatsi, S. French (eds.), Scientific Realism and the Quantum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 212–228.
Allori, V., 2018, “A New Argument for the Nomological Interpretation of the Wave Function: The Galilean Group and the Classical Limit of Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 177–188.
Allori, V., 2016, “Primitive Ontology and the Classical World”, in R. Kastner, J. Jeknic-Dugic, G. Jaroszkiewicz (eds.), Quantum Structural Studies: Classical Emergence from the Quantum Level, World Scientific, pp. 175–199.
Allori, V., 2015a, “Primitive Ontology in a Nutshell”, International Journal of Quantum Foundations, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 107–122.
Allori, V., 2015b, “Quantum Mechanics and Paradigm Shifts”, Topoi, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 313–323.
Allori, V., 2015c, “Maxwell’s Paradox: Classical Electrodynamics and Its Time Reversal Invariance”, Analytica, vol. 1, pp. 1–19.
Allori, V., 2013a, “Primitive Ontology and the Structure of Fundamental Physical Theories”, in D. Albert, A. Ney (eds.), The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 58–75.
Allori, V., 2013b, “On the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics”, in S. Lebihan (ed.), Precis de la Philosophie de la Physique, Vuibert, France, pp. 116–151.
Arntzenius, F., 2004, “Time-reversal Operation, Representation of the Lorentz Group and the Direction of Time”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 31–43.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2014, “Predictions and Primitive Ontology in Quantum Foundations: A Study of Examples”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 323–352.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2011, “Many-Worlds and Schrödinger’s First Quantum Theory”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1–27.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2008, “On the Common Structure of Bohmian Mechanics and the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber Theory”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 353–389.
Bacciagaluppi, G. and A. Valentini, 2009, Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 341–371.
Barrett, J., 1999, The Quantum Mechanics of Minds and Worlds, Oxford University Press, New York.
Bell, J.S., 2004, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bell, J.S., 1987, “Are There Quantum Jumps?”, in C.W. Kilmister (ed.), Schrödinger: Centenary of a Polymath, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted in J.S. Bell 2004, pp. 201–212.
Beller, M., 1999, The Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Belot, G., 2012, “Quantum States for Primitive Ontologists”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67–83.
Bhogal, H. and Z. Perry, 2017, “What the Humean Should Say about Entanglement”, Noûs, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 74–94.
Bloch, F., 1976, “Heisenberg and the Early Days of Quantum Mechanics”, Physics Today, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 23–27.
Brown, H.R. and C. Timpson, 2006, “Why Special Relativity Should Not Be a Template for a Fundamental Reformulation of Quantum Mechanics”, in W. Demopoulos, I. Pitowsky (eds.), Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Bub, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 29–42.
Callender, C., 2015, “One World, One Beable”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3153–3177.
Chen, E.K., 2017, “Our Fundamental Physical Space: An Essay on the Metaphysics of the Wave Function”, Journal of Philosophy, vol. 114, no. 7, pp. 333–365.
Cushing, J.T., 1994, Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Hegemony, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Dürr, D., S. Goldstein and N. Zanghì, 1992, “Quantum Equilibrium and the Origin of Absolute Uncertainty”, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 67, pp. 843–907.
Earman, J., 2002, “What Time-reversal Invariance Is and Why It Matters”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 16, pp. 245–264.
Emery, N., 2017, “Against Radical Quantum Ontologies”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 564–591.
Einstein, A., 1982, Ideas and Opinions, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.
Einstein, A., 1926, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest”, 18 June, 1926, EA 10–138. Translated in Howard 1990, p. 83.
Einstein, A., 1919, What is the Theory of Relativity?, The London Times. Reprinted in A. Einstein, 198, pp. 227–232.
Esfeld, M., 2014a, “The Primitive Ontology of Quantum Physics: Guidelines for an Assessment of the Proposals”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 47, pp. 99–106.
Esfeld, M., 2014b, “Quantum Humeanism, or: Physicalism without Properties”, The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 256, pp. 453–470.
Esfeld, M., D. Lazarovici, M. Hubert and D. Dürr, 2014, “The Ontology of Bohmian Mechanics”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 773–796.
Fine, A., 1996, The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Forrest, P., 1988, Quantum Metaphysics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Ghirardi, G.C., R. Grassi and F. Benatti, 1995, “Describing the Macroscopic World: Closing the Circle within the Dynamical Reduction Program”, Foundations of Physics, vol. 25, pp. 5–38.
Goldstein, S., 1998, “Quantum Theory without Observers. Part One”, Physics Today, March, pp. 42–46. “Part Two”, Physics Today, April, pp. 38–42.
Goldstein, S. and N. Zanghì, 2013, “Reality and the Role of the Wavefunction, in Quantum Theory”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave-Function: Essays on the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 91–109.
Goldstein, S., T. Norsen, D. Tausk and N. Zanghì, 2011, “Bell’s Theorem”, Scholarpedia, vol. 6, no. 10, 8378.
Healey, R., 2002, “Can Physics Coherently Deny the Reality of Time?”, in C. Callender (ed.), Time, Reality and Experience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 293–316.
Howard, D., 1990, “’Nicht Sein KannWas Nicht Sein Darf’, or the Prehistory of EPR, 1909–1935: Einstein’s Early Worries about the Quantum Mechanics of Composite Systems”, in A.I. Miller (ed.), Sixty-Two Years of Uncertainty, Plenum Press, New York.
Hubert, M. and D. Romano, 2018, “The Wave-function as a Multi-field”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 8, pp. 521–537.
Huggett, N. and C. Wüthrich, 2013, “Emergent Spacetime and Empirical (in) Coherence”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Science, B44, pp. 276–285.
Lazarovici, D., 2018, “Against Fields”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 145–170.
Lewis, P.J., 2016, Quantum Ontology: A Guide to the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Malament, D., 2004, “On the Time-Reversal Invariance of Classical Electromagnetic Theory”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Modern Physics, B 35, pp. 295–315.
Maudlin, T., 2019, Philosophy of Physics, Quantum Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Maudlin, T., 2018, “Ontological Clarity via Canonical Presentation: Electromagnetism and the Aharonov–Bohm Effect”, Entropy, vol. 20, no. 6,
pp. 465–486.
Maudlin, T., 2014, “What Bell Did”, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, vol. 47, 424010.
Maudlin, T., 2013, “The Nature of the Quantum State”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 126–153.
Maudlin, T., 2007, “Completeness, Supervenience, and Ontology”, Journal of Physics, vol. 40, pp. 3151–3171.
Miller, E., 2014, “Quantum Entanglement, Bohmian Mechanics, and Humean Supervenience”, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 567–583.
Monton, B., 2013, “Against 3-N-Dimensional Space”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave-function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 154–167.
Monton, B., 2006, “Quantum Mechanics and 3N-Dimensional Space”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 778–789.
Monton, B., 2002, “Wave-function Ontology”, Synthese, vol. 130, pp. 265–277.
Myrvold, W., 2017, “Ontology for Collapse Theories”, in S. Gao (ed.), Collapse of the Wave Function, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Myrvold, W., 2015, “What is a Wave Function?”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3247–3274.
Ney, A., 2021, Finding the World in the Wavefunction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ney, A., 2019, “Locality and Wave Function Realism”, in O. Lombardi, S. Fortin, C. Lopez, F. Holik (eds.), Quantum Worlds, Perspectives on the Ontology of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 164–182.
Ney, A., 2015, “Fundamental Physical Ontologies and the Constraint of Empirical Coherence”, Synthese, vol. 192, pp. 3105–3124.
Ney, A., 2012, “The Status of Our Ordinary Three Dimensions in a Quantum Universe”, Nous, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 525–560.
Norsen, T., D. Marian and X. Oriols, 2015, “Can the Wave Function in Configuration Space be Replaced by Single-particle Wave Functions in Physical Space?”, Synthese, vol. 192, pp. 3125–3151.
Norsen, T., 2010, “The Theory of (Exclusively) Local Beables”, Foundations of Physics, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1858–1884.
North, J., 2013, “The Structure of the Quantum World”, in David Z. Albert and Alyssa Ney (eds.), The Wave-function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 184–202.
North, J., 2008, “Two Views on Time Reversal”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 75, pp. 201–223.
Przibram, K., 1967, Letters on Wave Mechanics, Martin Klein, trans. Philosophical Library.
Roberts, B.W., 2019, “Time Reversal”, in E. Knox and A. Wilson (eds.), The Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Physics, Routledge, London.
Roberts, B.W., 2017, “Three Myths about Time Reversal in Quantum Theory”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 315–334.
Romano, D., 2020, “Multi-field and Bohm’s Theory”, Synthese. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02737-6)
Schrödinger, E., 1935, Schrödinger to Einstein, 19 August 1935. Translated in Fine 1996, p. 82.
Schrödinger, E., 1926, “Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Zweite Mitteilung)”, Annalen der Physik, vol. 79, pp. 489–527. [English translation: “Quantisation as a Problem of Proper Values. Part II”.]
Shankar, R., 1994, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Plenum Press, New York.
Skow, B., 2010, “On a Symmetry Argument for the Guidance Equation in Bohmian Mechanics”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 393–410.
Spekkens, R.W., 2007, “In Defense of the Epistemic View of Quantum States: A Toy Theory”, Physical Review Letters, A75, 032110.
Suárez, M., 2015, “Bohmian Dispositions”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3203–3228.
Tumulka R., 2016, “Paradoxes and Primitive Ontology in Collapse Theories of Quantum Mechanics”, in S. Gao (ed.), Collapse of the Wave Function: Models, Ontology, Origin, and Implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 134–153.
Wallace, D., 2020, “Against Wave Function Realism”, in S. Dasgupta and B. Weslake (eds.), Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science, Routledge, London, pp. 63–74.
Wallace, D. and C. Timpson, 2010, “Quantum Mechanics on Spacetime I: Spacetime State Realism”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 697–727.
Wigner, E.P., 1939, “On the Unitary Representations of the Inhomogeneous Lorentz Group”, Annals of Mathematics, vol. 40, pp. 149–204.
Albert, D.Z., 1996, “Elementary Quantum Metaphysics”, in J.T. Cushing, A. Fine, S. Goldstein (eds.), Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 277–284.
Albert, D.Z. and A. Ney, 2013, The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York.
Allori, V., manuscript a, “Modified Schrödinger Dynamics and the Incompatibility of Quantum Theory with Scientific Realism”.
Allori, V., manuscript b, “Wave-functionalism”.
Allori, V., 2020a, “Spontaneous Localization Theories with a Particle Ontology”, in V. Allori, A. Bassi, D. Dürr and N. Zanghì (eds.), Do Wave Functions Jump? Perspectives on the Work of GianCarlo Ghirardi, Springer, Netherlands.
Allori, V., 2020b, “Why Scientific Realists Should Reject the Second Dogma of Quantum Mechanics”, in M. Hemmo and O. Shenker (eds.), Quantum, Probability, Logic: the Work and Influence of Itamar Pitowsky, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 19–48.
Allori, V., 2019a, “Quantum Mechanics, Time and Ontology”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 66, pp. 145–154.
Allori, V., 2019b, “Scientific Realism without the Wave-Function”, in J. Saatsi, S. French (eds.), Scientific Realism and the Quantum, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 212–228.
Allori, V., 2018, “A New Argument for the Nomological Interpretation of the Wave Function: The Galilean Group and the Classical Limit of Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 177–188.
Allori, V., 2016, “Primitive Ontology and the Classical World”, in R. Kastner, J. Jeknic-Dugic, G. Jaroszkiewicz (eds.), Quantum Structural Studies: Classical Emergence from the Quantum Level, World Scientific, pp. 175–199.
Allori, V., 2015a, “Primitive Ontology in a Nutshell”, International Journal of Quantum Foundations, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 107–122.
Allori, V., 2015b, “Quantum Mechanics and Paradigm Shifts”, Topoi, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 313–323.
Allori, V., 2015c, “Maxwell’s Paradox: Classical Electrodynamics and Its Time Reversal Invariance”, Analytica, vol. 1, pp. 1–19.
Allori, V., 2013a, “Primitive Ontology and the Structure of Fundamental Physical Theories”, in D. Albert, A. Ney (eds.), The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 58–75.
Allori, V., 2013b, “On the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics”, in S. Lebihan (ed.), Precis de la Philosophie de la Physique, Vuibert, France, pp. 116–151.
Arntzenius, F., 2004, “Time-reversal Operation, Representation of the Lorentz Group and the Direction of Time”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 31–43.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2014, “Predictions and Primitive Ontology in Quantum Foundations: A Study of Examples”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 323–352.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2011, “Many-Worlds and Schrödinger’s First Quantum Theory”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1–27.
Allori, V., S. Goldstein, R. Tumulka and N. Zanghì, 2008, “On the Common Structure of Bohmian Mechanics and the Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber Theory”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 353–389.
Bacciagaluppi, G. and A. Valentini, 2009, Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 341–371.
Barrett, J., 1999, The Quantum Mechanics of Minds and Worlds, Oxford University Press, New York.
Bell, J.S., 2004, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bell, J.S., 1987, “Are There Quantum Jumps?”, in C.W. Kilmister (ed.), Schrödinger: Centenary of a Polymath, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted in J.S. Bell 2004, pp. 201–212.
Beller, M., 1999, The Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Belot, G., 2012, “Quantum States for Primitive Ontologists”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67–83.
Bhogal, H. and Z. Perry, 2017, “What the Humean Should Say about Entanglement”, Noûs, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 74–94.
Bloch, F., 1976, “Heisenberg and the Early Days of Quantum Mechanics”, Physics Today, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 23–27.
Brown, H.R. and C. Timpson, 2006, “Why Special Relativity Should Not Be a Template for a Fundamental Reformulation of Quantum Mechanics”, in W. Demopoulos, I. Pitowsky (eds.), Physical Theory and Its Interpretation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Bub, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 29–42.
Callender, C., 2015, “One World, One Beable”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3153–3177.
Chen, E.K., 2017, “Our Fundamental Physical Space: An Essay on the Metaphysics of the Wave Function”, Journal of Philosophy, vol. 114, no. 7, pp. 333–365.
Cushing, J.T., 1994, Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Hegemony, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Dürr, D., S. Goldstein and N. Zanghì, 1992, “Quantum Equilibrium and the Origin of Absolute Uncertainty”, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 67, pp. 843–907.
Earman, J., 2002, “What Time-reversal Invariance Is and Why It Matters”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 16, pp. 245–264.
Emery, N., 2017, “Against Radical Quantum Ontologies”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 564–591.
Einstein, A., 1982, Ideas and Opinions, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.
Einstein, A., 1926, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest”, 18 June, 1926, EA 10–138. Translated in Howard 1990, p. 83.
Einstein, A., 1919, What is the Theory of Relativity?, The London Times. Reprinted in A. Einstein, 198, pp. 227–232.
Esfeld, M., 2014a, “The Primitive Ontology of Quantum Physics: Guidelines for an Assessment of the Proposals”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 47, pp. 99–106.
Esfeld, M., 2014b, “Quantum Humeanism, or: Physicalism without Properties”, The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 256, pp. 453–470.
Esfeld, M., D. Lazarovici, M. Hubert and D. Dürr, 2014, “The Ontology of Bohmian Mechanics”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 773–796.
Fine, A., 1996, The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Forrest, P., 1988, Quantum Metaphysics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Ghirardi, G.C., R. Grassi and F. Benatti, 1995, “Describing the Macroscopic World: Closing the Circle within the Dynamical Reduction Program”, Foundations of Physics, vol. 25, pp. 5–38.
Goldstein, S., 1998, “Quantum Theory without Observers. Part One”, Physics Today, March, pp. 42–46. “Part Two”, Physics Today, April, pp. 38–42.
Goldstein, S. and N. Zanghì, 2013, “Reality and the Role of the Wavefunction, in Quantum Theory”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave-Function: Essays on the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 91–109.
Goldstein, S., T. Norsen, D. Tausk and N. Zanghì, 2011, “Bell’s Theorem”, Scholarpedia, vol. 6, no. 10, 8378.
Healey, R., 2002, “Can Physics Coherently Deny the Reality of Time?”, in C. Callender (ed.), Time, Reality and Experience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 293–316.
Howard, D., 1990, “’Nicht Sein KannWas Nicht Sein Darf’, or the Prehistory of EPR, 1909–1935: Einstein’s Early Worries about the Quantum Mechanics of Composite Systems”, in A.I. Miller (ed.), Sixty-Two Years of Uncertainty, Plenum Press, New York.
Hubert, M. and D. Romano, 2018, “The Wave-function as a Multi-field”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 8, pp. 521–537.
Huggett, N. and C. Wüthrich, 2013, “Emergent Spacetime and Empirical (in) Coherence”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Science, B44, pp. 276–285.
Lazarovici, D., 2018, “Against Fields”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 145–170.
Lewis, P.J., 2016, Quantum Ontology: A Guide to the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Malament, D., 2004, “On the Time-Reversal Invariance of Classical Electromagnetic Theory”, Studies in Histories and Philosophy of Modern Physics, B 35, pp. 295–315.
Maudlin, T., 2019, Philosophy of Physics, Quantum Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Maudlin, T., 2018, “Ontological Clarity via Canonical Presentation: Electromagnetism and the Aharonov–Bohm Effect”, Entropy, vol. 20, no. 6,
pp. 465–486.
Maudlin, T., 2014, “What Bell Did”, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, vol. 47, 424010.
Maudlin, T., 2013, “The Nature of the Quantum State”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave Function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 126–153.
Maudlin, T., 2007, “Completeness, Supervenience, and Ontology”, Journal of Physics, vol. 40, pp. 3151–3171.
Miller, E., 2014, “Quantum Entanglement, Bohmian Mechanics, and Humean Supervenience”, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 567–583.
Monton, B., 2013, “Against 3-N-Dimensional Space”, in D.Z. Albert and A. Ney (eds.), The Wave-function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 154–167.
Monton, B., 2006, “Quantum Mechanics and 3N-Dimensional Space”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 778–789.
Monton, B., 2002, “Wave-function Ontology”, Synthese, vol. 130, pp. 265–277.
Myrvold, W., 2017, “Ontology for Collapse Theories”, in S. Gao (ed.), Collapse of the Wave Function, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Myrvold, W., 2015, “What is a Wave Function?”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3247–3274.
Ney, A., 2021, Finding the World in the Wavefunction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ney, A., 2019, “Locality and Wave Function Realism”, in O. Lombardi, S. Fortin, C. Lopez, F. Holik (eds.), Quantum Worlds, Perspectives on the Ontology of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 164–182.
Ney, A., 2015, “Fundamental Physical Ontologies and the Constraint of Empirical Coherence”, Synthese, vol. 192, pp. 3105–3124.
Ney, A., 2012, “The Status of Our Ordinary Three Dimensions in a Quantum Universe”, Nous, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 525–560.
Norsen, T., D. Marian and X. Oriols, 2015, “Can the Wave Function in Configuration Space be Replaced by Single-particle Wave Functions in Physical Space?”, Synthese, vol. 192, pp. 3125–3151.
Norsen, T., 2010, “The Theory of (Exclusively) Local Beables”, Foundations of Physics, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1858–1884.
North, J., 2013, “The Structure of the Quantum World”, in David Z. Albert and Alyssa Ney (eds.), The Wave-function: Essays in the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 184–202.
North, J., 2008, “Two Views on Time Reversal”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 75, pp. 201–223.
Przibram, K., 1967, Letters on Wave Mechanics, Martin Klein, trans. Philosophical Library.
Roberts, B.W., 2019, “Time Reversal”, in E. Knox and A. Wilson (eds.), The Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Physics, Routledge, London.
Roberts, B.W., 2017, “Three Myths about Time Reversal in Quantum Theory”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 315–334.
Romano, D., 2020, “Multi-field and Bohm’s Theory”, Synthese. (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02737-6)
Schrödinger, E., 1935, Schrödinger to Einstein, 19 August 1935. Translated in Fine 1996, p. 82.
Schrödinger, E., 1926, “Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Zweite Mitteilung)”, Annalen der Physik, vol. 79, pp. 489–527. [English translation: “Quantisation as a Problem of Proper Values. Part II”.]
Shankar, R., 1994, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Plenum Press, New York.
Skow, B., 2010, “On a Symmetry Argument for the Guidance Equation in Bohmian Mechanics”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 393–410.
Spekkens, R.W., 2007, “In Defense of the Epistemic View of Quantum States: A Toy Theory”, Physical Review Letters, A75, 032110.
Suárez, M., 2015, “Bohmian Dispositions”, Synthese, vol. 192, no. 10, pp. 3203–3228.
Tumulka R., 2016, “Paradoxes and Primitive Ontology in Collapse Theories of Quantum Mechanics”, in S. Gao (ed.), Collapse of the Wave Function: Models, Ontology, Origin, and Implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 134–153.
Wallace, D., 2020, “Against Wave Function Realism”, in S. Dasgupta and B. Weslake (eds.), Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science, Routledge, London, pp. 63–74.
Wallace, D. and C. Timpson, 2010, “Quantum Mechanics on Spacetime I: Spacetime State Realism”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 697–727.
Wigner, E.P., 1939, “On the Unitary Representations of the Inhomogeneous Lorentz Group”, Annals of Mathematics, vol. 40, pp. 149–204.
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