Scientific Measurement and the Case of Einstein vs Lorentz
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Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Einstein and Hendrik Lorentz produced different explanations for the same phenomena. However, there was a consensus in favor of Einstein, which has been difficult for historians and philosophers of science to understand. Recent literature explains that success by pointing out conflicts between some ideas of Lorentz and the early quantum physics. Despite the fact that those events could contribute to the acceptance of special relativity, I propose a complementary explanation in which I attribute Einstein’s success to his use of the stability of the speed of light measurement.
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Aguilar Sandoval, M. A. . (2022). Scientific Measurement and the Case of Einstein vs Lorentz. Crítica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Filosofía, 54(160), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2022.1308
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References
Acuña, P., 2014, “On the Empirical Equivalence between Special Relativity and Lorentz’s Ether Theory”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B – Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 283–302.
Acuña, P. y D. Dieks, 2014, “Another Look at Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination of Theory Choice”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 153-180.
Berka, K., 1983, Measurement. Its Concepts, Theories and Problems, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
Boyer, C.B., 1941, “Early Estimates of the Velocity of Light”, Isis, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 24-40.
Bradley, C., 2021, “The Non-Equivalence of Einstein and Lorentz”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 72, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axz014 [fecha de consulta: 10/05/2020].
Bridgman, P.W., 1970, “Einstein’s Theories and the Operational Point of View”, en P.A. Schilpp (comp.), Albert Einstein Philosopher-Scientist, Open Court, Nueva York, pp. 335-354.
Brown, H.R. y O. Pooley, 2004, “Minkowski Space-Time: A Glorious Non-Entity”, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/id/eprint/1661 [fecha de consulta: 10/05/2020].
Brown, H.R., 2005, Physical Relativity. Space-Time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Brush, S., 1999, “Why Was Relativity Accepted?”, Physics in Perspective, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 184-214.
Camp, W.V., 2011, “On Kinematic versus Dynamic Approaches to Special Relativity”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 1097–1107.
Canales, J., 2015, The Physicist and the Philosopher. Einstein, Bergson, and the Debate that Changed our Understanding of Time, Princeton University Press, Nueva Jersey.
Canales, J., 2009, A Tenth of a Second: A History, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago y Londres.
Cassidy, D., 1986, “Review: Understanding the History of Special Relativity”, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 177-188.
Chang, H., 2012, Is Water H2O? Evidence, Realism and Pluralism, Springer, Nueva York.
Chang, H., 2009, Operationalism,
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/operationalism/ [fecha de consulta: 07/02/2020].
Chang, H., 2004, Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Darrigol, O., 2005, “The Genesis of the Theory of Relativity”, en T. Damour, O. Darrigol, B. Duplantier, V. Rivasseau (comps.), Einstein, 1905–2005 Poincaré Seminar 2005, Birkhäuser Basel, Boston, pp. 1-31.
Darrigol, O., 2000, Electrodynamics from Ampere to Einstein, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Dewey, J., 1929, The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, Minton, Balch and Company, Nueva York.
Dorling, J., 1966, “Length Contraction and Clock Synchronisation: The Empirical Equivalence of the Einsteinian and Lorentzian Theories”, en British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 67-69.
Einstein, A., 2012 [1923], “How I Created the Theory of Relativity?”, en D.K. Buchwald, J. Illy, Z. Rosenkranz y T. Sauer (comps.), The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. vol. 13, Doc. 399, Princeton University Press, Princeton, Nueva Jersey, pp. 636-641.
Einstein, A., 2005 [1905], “Sobre la electrodinámica de cuerpos en movimiento”, trad. Javier García Sanz, en J.M. Sánchez Ron (comp.), Albert Einstein, Crítica, Barcelona, pp. 399-430.
Feyerabend, P.K., 1974, “Zahar on Einstein”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 25-28.
Feigl, H., 1974, “Empiricism at Bay?”, en R.S. Cohen y M.W. Wartofsky (comps.), Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 1-20.
Fizeau, H., 1851, “Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux, et sur une expérience qui paraît démontrer quele mouvement des corps change la vitesse avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des sciences, no. 33, pp. 349-355.
Fizeau, H., 1849, “Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des sciences, no. 29, pp. 90-92.
Galison, P., 2005, Relojes de Einstein, mapas de Poincaré, Crítica, Barcelona.
Galison, P., 1997, Image and Logic. A Material Culture of Microphysics, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Goldberg, S., 1984, Understanding Relativity. Origin and Impact of a Scientific Revolution, Birkhauser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart.
Grünbaum, A., 1959, “The Falsifiability of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Hypothesis”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 10, no. 37, pp. 48-50.
Guillaumin, G.E., 2016, Génesis de la medición celeste. Una historia cognitiva del crecimiento de la medición en astronomía, Tirant Humanidades, Ciudad de México.
Hertz, H., 1896, “On the Relations between Light and Electricity, 1889”, en P. Lenard (comp.), Miscellaneous Papers by Heinrich Hertz, Macmillan and Co., Nueva York, pp. 313-327.
Holton, G., 1969, “Einstein, Michelson, and the ‘Crucial’ Experiment”, Isis, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 132-197.
Hunt, C., 2012, “On Ad Hoc Hypotheses”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
Janssen, M., 2019, “How Did Lorentz Find His Theorem of Corresponding States?”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 67, pp. 167–175.
Janssen, M., 2002, “Reconsidering a Scientific Revolution: The Case of Einstein versus Lorentz”, Physics in Perspective, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 421-446.
Janssen, M., 1995, A Comparison between Lorentz’s Ether Theory and Special Relativity in the Light of the Experiments of Trouton and Noble, tesis doctoral, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, E.U.A.
Kuhn, T.S., 1982, “La función de la medición en la física moderna”, en T.S. Kuhn (comp.), La tensión esencial. Estudios selectos sobre la tradición y el cambio en el ámbito de la ciencia, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, pp. 202–247.
Kuhn, T.S., 1980, “The Halt and the Blind: Philosophy and History of Science”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 181-192.
Le Verrier, U., 1872, “Sur les masses des planétes et la parallaxa du Soleil”, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences Mémoires et Comunications, T. LXXV, pp. 165–172,
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30321/f167.item [fecha de consulta: 21/01/2020].
Lorentz, H.A., 1952 [1904], “Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any Velocity Less Than That of Light”, en A. Sommerfeld (comp.), The Principle of Relativity, Dover Publications INC., pp. 9-34.
Lorentz, H.A., 1895, “Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies”, https://archive.org/details/Lorentz [fecha de consulta: 29/02/2016].
Lorentz, H.A., 1892, “La théorie électromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants”, Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, T. XXV, pp. 1-190.
Lorentz, H.A., 1886, “De l’influence du mouvement de la terre sur les phénomènes lumineux”, Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, T. XXI, pp. 7-176.
Mari, L., 2003, “Epistemology of Measurement”, Measurement, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 17-30.
Maxwell, J.C., 1881, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, Londres.
McCormmach, R., 1980a, “Hertz”, en C. Gillispie (comp.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 6, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, Nueva York, pp. 340-350.
McCormmach, R., 1980b, “Lorentz”, en C. Gillispie (comp.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 8, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, Nueva York, pp. 487-500.
Michelson, A.A., 1881, “The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous
Ether”, American Journal of Science, vol. 22, pp. 120-129.
Michelson, A.A. y E.W. Morley, 1887, “On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether”, American Journal of Science, vol. 34, pp. 333-345.
Michelson, A.A. y E.W. Morley, 1886, “Influence of the Motion of the Medium on the Velocity of Light”, American Journal of Science, vol. 31, pp. 377–386.
Miller, A.I., 1981, Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911), Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts.
Norton, J.D., 2008, “Must Evidence Underdetermine Theory?”, en D. Howard, M. Carrier y J. Kourany (comps.), The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice. Science and Values Revisted, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 17-44.
Nugayev, R.M., 1983, “The History of Quantum Theory as a Decisive Argument Favoring Einstein over Lorentz”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 44-63.
Pauli, W., 1958 [1921], Theory of Relativity, Pergamon Press, Bristol.
Peirce, C.S., 1878, “How to Make our Ideas Clear”, Popular Science Monthly, vol. 12, pp. 286-302.
Poincaré, H., 1913 [1898], “The Measure of Time”, en H. Poincaré (comp.), The Foundations of Science, The Science Press, Nueva York, pp. 222-234.
Poincaré, H., 1963 [1913], “Space and Time”, en H. Poincaré (comp.), Mathematics and Science: Last Essays (Dernières Pensés), Dover, Nueva York, pp. 15-24.
Poincaré, H., 2007 [1906], “On the Dynamics of the Electron (Excerpts)”, en J. Renn y M. Schemmel (comps.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 3, Gravitation in the Twilight of Classical Physics, Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 21-80, pp. 253-271.
Pyenson, L., 1985, The Young Einstein. The Advent of Relativity, Adam Hilder, Bristol y Boston.
Quine, W.V.O., 1976, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, en S. Harding (comp.), Can Theories be Refuted? Essays on the Duhem-Quine Thesis, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, pp. 41-64.
Reichenbach, H., 1957, The Philosophy of Space and Time, Dover, Nueva York.
Renn, J., 2007, “Classical Physics in Disarray. The Emergence of the Riddle of Gravitation”, en M. Janssen, J.D. Norton, J. Renn, T. Sauer, J. Stachel y L. Divarci (comps.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 1: Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 21-80.
Staley, R., 2002, “Travelling Light”, en Bourguet, Licoppe y Sibum (comps.), Instruments, Travel and Science. Itineraries of Precision from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, Routledge, Londres, pp. 243-272.
Tal, E., 2012, The Epistemology of Measurement: A Model-Based Account, Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/34936 [fecha de consulta: 04/07/2016].
Van Fraassen, B.C., 2008, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Zahar, E., 1973a, “Why Did Einstein’s Programme Supersede Lorentz’s? (I)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 95-123.
Zahar, E., 1973b, “Why Did Einstein’s Programme Supersede Lorentz’s? (II)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 223-262.
Acuña, P. y D. Dieks, 2014, “Another Look at Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination of Theory Choice”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 153-180.
Berka, K., 1983, Measurement. Its Concepts, Theories and Problems, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
Boyer, C.B., 1941, “Early Estimates of the Velocity of Light”, Isis, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 24-40.
Bradley, C., 2021, “The Non-Equivalence of Einstein and Lorentz”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 72, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axz014 [fecha de consulta: 10/05/2020].
Bridgman, P.W., 1970, “Einstein’s Theories and the Operational Point of View”, en P.A. Schilpp (comp.), Albert Einstein Philosopher-Scientist, Open Court, Nueva York, pp. 335-354.
Brown, H.R. y O. Pooley, 2004, “Minkowski Space-Time: A Glorious Non-Entity”, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/id/eprint/1661 [fecha de consulta: 10/05/2020].
Brown, H.R., 2005, Physical Relativity. Space-Time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Brush, S., 1999, “Why Was Relativity Accepted?”, Physics in Perspective, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 184-214.
Camp, W.V., 2011, “On Kinematic versus Dynamic Approaches to Special Relativity”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 1097–1107.
Canales, J., 2015, The Physicist and the Philosopher. Einstein, Bergson, and the Debate that Changed our Understanding of Time, Princeton University Press, Nueva Jersey.
Canales, J., 2009, A Tenth of a Second: A History, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago y Londres.
Cassidy, D., 1986, “Review: Understanding the History of Special Relativity”, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 177-188.
Chang, H., 2012, Is Water H2O? Evidence, Realism and Pluralism, Springer, Nueva York.
Chang, H., 2009, Operationalism,
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/operationalism/ [fecha de consulta: 07/02/2020].
Chang, H., 2004, Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Darrigol, O., 2005, “The Genesis of the Theory of Relativity”, en T. Damour, O. Darrigol, B. Duplantier, V. Rivasseau (comps.), Einstein, 1905–2005 Poincaré Seminar 2005, Birkhäuser Basel, Boston, pp. 1-31.
Darrigol, O., 2000, Electrodynamics from Ampere to Einstein, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Dewey, J., 1929, The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, Minton, Balch and Company, Nueva York.
Dorling, J., 1966, “Length Contraction and Clock Synchronisation: The Empirical Equivalence of the Einsteinian and Lorentzian Theories”, en British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 67-69.
Einstein, A., 2012 [1923], “How I Created the Theory of Relativity?”, en D.K. Buchwald, J. Illy, Z. Rosenkranz y T. Sauer (comps.), The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. vol. 13, Doc. 399, Princeton University Press, Princeton, Nueva Jersey, pp. 636-641.
Einstein, A., 2005 [1905], “Sobre la electrodinámica de cuerpos en movimiento”, trad. Javier García Sanz, en J.M. Sánchez Ron (comp.), Albert Einstein, Crítica, Barcelona, pp. 399-430.
Feyerabend, P.K., 1974, “Zahar on Einstein”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 25-28.
Feigl, H., 1974, “Empiricism at Bay?”, en R.S. Cohen y M.W. Wartofsky (comps.), Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 1-20.
Fizeau, H., 1851, “Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux, et sur une expérience qui paraît démontrer quele mouvement des corps change la vitesse avec laquelle la lumière se propage dans leur intérieur”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des sciences, no. 33, pp. 349-355.
Fizeau, H., 1849, “Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des sciences, no. 29, pp. 90-92.
Galison, P., 2005, Relojes de Einstein, mapas de Poincaré, Crítica, Barcelona.
Galison, P., 1997, Image and Logic. A Material Culture of Microphysics, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Goldberg, S., 1984, Understanding Relativity. Origin and Impact of a Scientific Revolution, Birkhauser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart.
Grünbaum, A., 1959, “The Falsifiability of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Hypothesis”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 10, no. 37, pp. 48-50.
Guillaumin, G.E., 2016, Génesis de la medición celeste. Una historia cognitiva del crecimiento de la medición en astronomía, Tirant Humanidades, Ciudad de México.
Hertz, H., 1896, “On the Relations between Light and Electricity, 1889”, en P. Lenard (comp.), Miscellaneous Papers by Heinrich Hertz, Macmillan and Co., Nueva York, pp. 313-327.
Holton, G., 1969, “Einstein, Michelson, and the ‘Crucial’ Experiment”, Isis, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 132-197.
Hunt, C., 2012, “On Ad Hoc Hypotheses”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
Janssen, M., 2019, “How Did Lorentz Find His Theorem of Corresponding States?”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, vol. 67, pp. 167–175.
Janssen, M., 2002, “Reconsidering a Scientific Revolution: The Case of Einstein versus Lorentz”, Physics in Perspective, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 421-446.
Janssen, M., 1995, A Comparison between Lorentz’s Ether Theory and Special Relativity in the Light of the Experiments of Trouton and Noble, tesis doctoral, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, E.U.A.
Kuhn, T.S., 1982, “La función de la medición en la física moderna”, en T.S. Kuhn (comp.), La tensión esencial. Estudios selectos sobre la tradición y el cambio en el ámbito de la ciencia, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, pp. 202–247.
Kuhn, T.S., 1980, “The Halt and the Blind: Philosophy and History of Science”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 181-192.
Le Verrier, U., 1872, “Sur les masses des planétes et la parallaxa du Soleil”, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences Mémoires et Comunications, T. LXXV, pp. 165–172,
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30321/f167.item [fecha de consulta: 21/01/2020].
Lorentz, H.A., 1952 [1904], “Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with any Velocity Less Than That of Light”, en A. Sommerfeld (comp.), The Principle of Relativity, Dover Publications INC., pp. 9-34.
Lorentz, H.A., 1895, “Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies”, https://archive.org/details/Lorentz [fecha de consulta: 29/02/2016].
Lorentz, H.A., 1892, “La théorie électromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants”, Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, T. XXV, pp. 1-190.
Lorentz, H.A., 1886, “De l’influence du mouvement de la terre sur les phénomènes lumineux”, Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, T. XXI, pp. 7-176.
Mari, L., 2003, “Epistemology of Measurement”, Measurement, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 17-30.
Maxwell, J.C., 1881, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, Londres.
McCormmach, R., 1980a, “Hertz”, en C. Gillispie (comp.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 6, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, Nueva York, pp. 340-350.
McCormmach, R., 1980b, “Lorentz”, en C. Gillispie (comp.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 8, Simon and Schuster Macmillan, Nueva York, pp. 487-500.
Michelson, A.A., 1881, “The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous
Ether”, American Journal of Science, vol. 22, pp. 120-129.
Michelson, A.A. y E.W. Morley, 1887, “On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether”, American Journal of Science, vol. 34, pp. 333-345.
Michelson, A.A. y E.W. Morley, 1886, “Influence of the Motion of the Medium on the Velocity of Light”, American Journal of Science, vol. 31, pp. 377–386.
Miller, A.I., 1981, Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911), Addison-Wesley, Reading Massachusetts.
Norton, J.D., 2008, “Must Evidence Underdetermine Theory?”, en D. Howard, M. Carrier y J. Kourany (comps.), The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice. Science and Values Revisted, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, pp. 17-44.
Nugayev, R.M., 1983, “The History of Quantum Theory as a Decisive Argument Favoring Einstein over Lorentz”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 44-63.
Pauli, W., 1958 [1921], Theory of Relativity, Pergamon Press, Bristol.
Peirce, C.S., 1878, “How to Make our Ideas Clear”, Popular Science Monthly, vol. 12, pp. 286-302.
Poincaré, H., 1913 [1898], “The Measure of Time”, en H. Poincaré (comp.), The Foundations of Science, The Science Press, Nueva York, pp. 222-234.
Poincaré, H., 1963 [1913], “Space and Time”, en H. Poincaré (comp.), Mathematics and Science: Last Essays (Dernières Pensés), Dover, Nueva York, pp. 15-24.
Poincaré, H., 2007 [1906], “On the Dynamics of the Electron (Excerpts)”, en J. Renn y M. Schemmel (comps.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 3, Gravitation in the Twilight of Classical Physics, Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 21-80, pp. 253-271.
Pyenson, L., 1985, The Young Einstein. The Advent of Relativity, Adam Hilder, Bristol y Boston.
Quine, W.V.O., 1976, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, en S. Harding (comp.), Can Theories be Refuted? Essays on the Duhem-Quine Thesis, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, pp. 41-64.
Reichenbach, H., 1957, The Philosophy of Space and Time, Dover, Nueva York.
Renn, J., 2007, “Classical Physics in Disarray. The Emergence of the Riddle of Gravitation”, en M. Janssen, J.D. Norton, J. Renn, T. Sauer, J. Stachel y L. Divarci (comps.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 1: Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Springer, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 21-80.
Staley, R., 2002, “Travelling Light”, en Bourguet, Licoppe y Sibum (comps.), Instruments, Travel and Science. Itineraries of Precision from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, Routledge, Londres, pp. 243-272.
Tal, E., 2012, The Epistemology of Measurement: A Model-Based Account, Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/34936 [fecha de consulta: 04/07/2016].
Van Fraassen, B.C., 2008, Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
Zahar, E., 1973a, “Why Did Einstein’s Programme Supersede Lorentz’s? (I)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 95-123.
Zahar, E., 1973b, “Why Did Einstein’s Programme Supersede Lorentz’s? (II)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 223-262.
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